Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dívasa

The Constitution of Dívasa is the supreme law of the Commonwealth of Dívasa.

History
On September 7, 2018, made a document of an outline of their proposal to be submitted to other political parties. It was modified multiple times, the last one being on September 25, 2018.

The Libertarian proposal's outline may be seen at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tCotedwdrWHGPJzaGGT59U_RAxvLp2qzUCU-SJHVR94/edit

The final constitution document was created on October 6, 2018, and was revised up until October 20, 2018.

The final constitution may be found at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/14zNzfUYjQf7aQrTgzA2ZRWSVe2XbLCGa16SHTb-qnoo/edit

The Constitution
All previous constitutional laws are hereby repealed. This document shall form the basis of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dívasa, which may be amended as detailed in Article X of this Constitution. This document shall take effect the same day the first legislative elections after the passing of this document end.

Article I. Bill of Rights A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS made by the good people of Dívasa in the exercise of their sovereign powers, which rights do pertain to them and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government.

Section 1. Equality and rights of men That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. Section 2. People the source of power That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people, that magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them. Section 3. Government instituted for common benefit That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security of the people, nation, or community; of all the various modes and forms of government, that is best which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety, and is most effectually secured against the danger of maladministration; and, whenever any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community hath an indubitable, inalienable, and indefeasible right to reform, alter, or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal.

Section 4. No exclusive emoluments or privileges; offices not to be hereditary That no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator, President or judge to be hereditary.

Section 5. Separation of legislative, executive, and judicial departments; periodical elections That the legislative, executive, and judicial departments of the Commonwealth should be separate and distinct; and that the members thereof may be restrained from oppression, by feeling and participating the burthens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken, and the vacancies be supplied by regular elections, in which all or any part of the former members shall be again eligible, or ineligible, as the laws may direct.

Section 6. Free elections; consent of governed That all elections ought to be free; and that all men, provided they meet the conditions laid out in Article II, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed, or deprived of, or damaged in, their property for public uses, without their own consent, or that of their representatives duly elected, or bound by any law to which they have not, in like manner, assented for the public good.

Section 7. Laws should not be suspended That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised.

Section 8. Criminal prosecutions That in criminal prosecutions a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, and to call for evidence in his favor, and he shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty. He shall not be deprived of life or liberty, except by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers, nor be compelled in any criminal proceeding to give evidence against himself, nor be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense. Laws may be enacted providing for the trial of offenses not felonious by a court not of record without a jury, preserving the right of the accused to an appeal to and a trial by jury in some court of record having original criminal jurisdiction. Laws may also provide for juries consisting of less than twelve, but not less than five, for the trial of offenses not felonious, and may classify such cases, and prescribe the number of jurors for each class. In criminal cases, the accused may plead guilty. If the accused plead not guilty, he may, with his consent and the concurrence of the Commonwealth's Attorney and of the court entered of record, be tried by a smaller number of jurors, or waive a jury. In case of such waiver or plea of guilty, the court shall try the case. The provisions of this section shall be self-executing.

Section 8-A. Rights of victims of crime That in criminal prosecutions, the victim shall be accorded fairness, dignity and respect by the officers, employees and agents of the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions and officers of the courts and, as the General Assembly may define and provide by law, may be accorded rights to reasonable and appropriate notice, information, restitution, protection, and access to a meaningful role in the criminal justice process. These rights may include, but not be limited to, the following: 1. The right to protection from further harm or reprisal through the imposition of appropriate bail and conditions of release; 2. The right to be treated with respect, dignity and fairness at all stages of the criminal justice system; 3. The right to address the circuit court at the time sentence is imposed; 4. The right to receive timely notification of judicial proceedings; 5. The right to restitution; 6. The right to be advised of release from custody or escape of the offender, whether before or after disposition; and 7. The right to confer with the prosecution. This section does not confer upon any person a right to appeal or modify any decision in a criminal proceeding, does not abridge any other right guaranteed by this Constitution, and does not create any cause of action for compensation or damages against the Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions, any officer, employee or agent of the Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions, or any officer of the court.

Section 9. Prohibition of excessive bail and fines, cruel and unusual punishment, suspension of habeas corpus, bills of attainder, and ex post facto laws That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted; that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of invasion or rebellion, the public safety may require; and that the General Assembly shall not pass any bill of attainder, or any ex post facto law.

Section 10. General warrants of search or seizure prohibited That general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offense is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are grievous and oppressive, and ought not to be granted.

Section 11. Due process of law; obligation of contracts; taking or damaging of private property; prohibited discrimination; jury trial in civil cases That no person shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property without due process of law; that the General Assembly shall not pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts; and that the right to be free from any governmental discrimination upon the basis of religious conviction, race, color, sex, or national origin shall not be abridged, except that the mere separation of the sexes shall not be considered discrimination. That in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, trial by jury is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred. The General Assembly may limit the number of jurors for civil cases in courts of record to not less than five. That the General Assembly shall pass no law whereby private property, the right to which is fundamental, shall be damaged or taken except for public use. No private property shall be damaged or taken for public use without just compensation to the owner thereof. No more private property may be taken than necessary to achieve the stated public use. Just compensation shall be no less than the value of the property taken, lost profits and lost access, and damages to the residue caused by the taking. The terms "lost profits" and "lost access" are to be defined by the General Assembly. A public service company, public service corporation, or railroad exercises the power of eminent domain for public use when such exercise is for the authorized provision of utility, common carrier, or railroad services. In all other cases, a taking or damaging of private property is not for public use if the primary use is for private gain, private benefit, private enterprise, increasing jobs, increasing tax revenue, or economic development, except for the elimination of a public nuisance existing on the property. The condemnor bears the burden of proving that the use is public, without a presumption that it is.

Section 12. Freedom of speech and of the press; right peaceably to assemble, and to petition That the freedoms of speech and of the press are among the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained except by despotic governments; that any citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; that the General Assembly shall not pass any law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, nor the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for the redress of grievances.

Section 13. Militia; military subordinate to civil power That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defense of a free state, therefore, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power.

Section 14. Government should be uniform That the people have a right to uniform government; and, therefore, that no government separate from, or independent of, the government of Dívasa, ought to be erected or established within the limits thereof unless the government of Dívasa has violated the basic rights accorded to the people in Article I.

Section 15. Qualities necessary to preservation of free government That no free government, nor the blessings of liberty, can be preserved to any people, but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue; by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles; and by the recognition by all citizens that they have duties as well as rights, and that such rights cannot be enjoyed save in a society where law is respected and due process is observed. That free government rests, as does all progress, upon the broadest possible diffusion of knowledge, and that the Commonwealth should avail itself of those talents which nature has sown so liberally among its people by assuring the opportunity for their fullest development by an effective system of education throughout the Commonwealth.

Section 16. Free exercise of religion; no establishment of religion That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but all men shall be free to profess and by argument to maintain their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in nowise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. And the General Assembly shall not prescribe any religious test whatever, or confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society, or the people of any district within this Commonwealth, to levy on themselves or others, any tax for the erection or repair of any house of public worship, or for the support of any church or ministry; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private contract as he shall please.

Section 17. Construction of the Bill of Rights The rights enumerated in this Bill of Rights shall not be construed to limit other rights of the people not therein expressed.

Article II. Franchise and Officers Section 1. Qualifications of voters In elections by the people, the qualifications of voters shall be as follows: Each voter shall be a citizen of the Commonwealth of Dívasa, shall be eighteen years of age, shall fulfill the residence requirements set forth in this section, and shall be registered to vote pursuant to this article. No person who has been convicted of a felony shall be qualified to vote unless his civil rights have been restored by the President or other appropriate authority. As prescribed by law, no person adjudicated to be mentally incompetent shall be qualified to vote until his competency has been reestablished. The residence requirements shall be that each voter shall be a resident of the Commonwealth and of the Region where he votes. Residence, for all purposes of qualification to vote, requires both domicile and a place of abode. The General Assembly may provide for persons who are employed overseas, and their spouses and dependents residing with them, and who are qualified to vote except for relinquishing their place of abode in the Commonwealth while overseas, to vote in the Commonwealth subject to conditions and time limits defined by law. The General Assembly may provide for persons who are qualified to vote except for having moved their residence from one Region to another within the Commonwealth to continue to vote in a former precinct subject to conditions and time limits defined by law. Any person who will be qualified with respect to age to vote at the next general election shall be permitted to register in advance and also to vote in any intervening primary or special election.

Section 2. Registration of voters The General Assembly shall provide by law for the registration of all persons otherwise qualified to vote who have met the residence requirements contained in this article, and shall ensure that the opportunity to register is made available. Registrations accomplished prior to the effective date of this section shall be effective hereunder. The registration records shall not be closed to new or transferred registrations more than 24 hours before the election in which they are to be used. Applications to register shall require the applicant to provide the following information on a standard form: full name; date of birth; residence address; whether the applicant is presently a Dívasan citizen; and such additional information as may be required by law. All applications to register shall be completed by or at the direction of the applicant and signed by the applicant, unless physically disabled. No fee shall be charged to the applicant incident to an application to register. Nothing in this article shall preclude the General Assembly from requiring as a prerequisite to registration to vote the ability of the applicant to read and complete in his own handwriting the application to register.

Section 3. Method of voting In elections by the people, the following safeguards shall be maintained: Voting shall be by ballot or by machines for receiving, recording, and counting votes cast. No ballot or list of candidates upon any voting machine shall bear any distinguishing mark or symbol, other than words identifying political party affiliation; and their form, including the offices to be filled and the listing of candidates or nominees, shall be as uniform as is practicable throughout the Commonwealth or smaller governmental unit in which the election is held. Secrecy in casting votes shall be maintained, except as provision may be made for assistance to handicapped voters, but the ballot box or voting machine shall be kept in public view and shall not be opened, nor the ballots canvassed nor the votes counted, in secret. Votes may be cast in person or by absentee ballot as provided by law.

Section 4. Powers and duties of the General Assembly The General Assembly shall establish a uniform system for permanent registration of voters pursuant to this Constitution, including provisions for appeal by any person denied registration, correction of illegal or fraudulent registrations, penalties for illegal, fraudulent, or false registrations, proper transfer of all registered voters, and cancellation of registrations in other jurisdictions of persons who apply to register to vote in the Commonwealth. The General Assembly shall provide for maintenance of accurate and current registration records and may provide for the cancellation of registrations for such purpose. The General Assembly shall provide for the nomination of candidates, shall regulate the time, place, manner, conduct, and administration of primary, general, and special elections, and shall have power to make any other law regulating elections not inconsistent with this Constitution. Section 5. Qualifications to hold elective office The only qualification to hold any office of the Commonwealth or of its governmental units, elective by the people, shall be that a person must have been a resident of the Commonwealth for one year next preceding his election and be qualified to vote for that office, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, and except that: (a) the General Assembly may impose more restrictive geographical residence requirements for election of its members, and may permit other governing bodies in the Commonwealth to impose more restrictive geographical residence requirements for election to such governing bodies, but no such requirements shall impair equal representation of the persons entitled to vote; (b) the General Assembly may provide that residence in a local governmental unit is not required for election to designated elective offices in local governments, other than membership in the local governing body; and (c) nothing in this Constitution shall limit the power of the General Assembly to prevent conflict of interests, dual officeholding, or other incompatible activities by elective or appointive officials of the Commonwealth or of any political subdivision.

Section 6. Apportionment Members of the Federal Advisory Council of the Commonwealth of Dívasa shall be elected from the ten Regions and Special Administrative Zones established by the General Assembly. Members of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Dívasa shall be elected nationally through the single transferable vote voting system.

Section 7. Oath or affirmation All officers elected or appointed under or pursuant to this Constitution shall, before they enter on the performance of their public duties, severally take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dívasa, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge all the duties incumbent upon me as ...................., according to the best of my ability (so help me Zoboo)."

Section 8. Privileges of voters during election No voter, during the time of holding any election at which he is entitled to vote, shall be compelled to perform military service, except in time of war or public danger, nor to attend any court as suitor, juror, or witness; nor shall any such voter be subject to arrest under any civil process during his attendance at election or in going to or returning therefrom.

Article III. Division of Powers Section 1. Departments to be distinct The legislative, executive, and judicial departments shall be separate and distinct, so that none exercise the powers properly belonging to the others, nor any person exercise the power of more than one of them at the same time; provided, however, administrative agencies may be created by the General Assembly with such authority and duties as the General Assembly may prescribe. Provisions may be made for judicial review of any finding, order, or judgment of such administrative agencies.

Article IV. Legislature

Section 1. Legislative power The legislative power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Federal Advisory Council and Parliament.

Section 2. Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council shall consist of as many members as Dívasa has Regions, who shall be elected monthly by the voters of the Regions on the first to third day of every month.

Section 3. Parliament The Parliament shall consist of not more than thirty and not less than nine members, who shall be elected monthly by the voters of the Commonwealth on the first to third day of every month.

Section 4. Qualifications of Federal Advisors and Members of Parliament Any person may be elected to the Federal Advisory Council who, at the time of the election, is eighteen years of age, is a resident of the Region which he is seeking to represent, and is qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly. Any person may be elected to Parliament who, at the time of the election, is eighteen years of age, and is qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly. An advisor who moves his residence from the Region for which he is elected shall thereby vacate his office. No person holding a salaried office under the government of the Commonwealth, excepting the military, and no judge of any court, attorney for the Commonwealth, sheriff, treasurer, assessor of taxes, commissioner of the revenue, collector of taxes, or clerk of any court shall be a member of either house of the General Assembly during his continuance in office; and his qualification as a member shall vacate any such office held by him.

Section 5. Compensation; election to civil office of profit The members of the General Assembly shall receive such salary and allowances as may be prescribed by law, but no increase in salary shall take effect for a given member until after the end of the term for which he was elected. No member during the term for which he shall have been elected shall be elected by the General Assembly to any civil office of profit in the Commonwealth.

Section 6. Legislative sessions The General Assembly shall meet every day.

Section 7. Organization of General Assembly Parliament shall choose its own Speaker; and, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President, the Federal Advisory Council shall choose from its own body a president pro tempore. Each house shall select its officers and settle its rules of procedure. The houses may jointly provide for legislative continuity between sessions occurring during the term for which members of Parliament are elected. Each house may direct writs of election for supplying vacancies which may occur during a session of the General Assembly. Each house shall judge of the election, qualification, and returns of its members, and may punish them for disorderly behavior.

Section 8. Immunity of legislators Members of the General Assembly shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest and shall not be questioned.

Each house may revoke the immunity of one of its members with concurrence of two-thirds of its elected membership.

Section 9. Journal of proceedings Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be published from time to time. The vote of each member voting in each house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be recorded in the journal. On the final vote on any bill, and on the vote in any election or impeachment conducted in the General Assembly or on the removal of the immunity of a member, the name of each member voting in each house and how he voted shall be recorded in the journal. Section 10. Enactment of laws No law shall be enacted except by bill. A bill may originate in either house, may be approved or rejected by the other, or may be amended by either, with the concurrence of the other. No bill shall become a law unless, prior to its passage: (a) it has been printed by the house in which it originated prior to its passage therein; (b) it has been read twenty-four hours before the vote in each house (c) upon its final passage a vote has been taken thereon in each house, the name of each member voting for and against recorded in the journal, and a majority of the membership in each house recorded in the affirmative. Only in the manner required in subparagraph (c) of this section shall an amendment to a bill by one house be concurred in by the other, or a conference report be adopted by either house and consider the same as if reported. The printing and reading, or either, required in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this section, may be dispensed with in the case of an emergency by a vote of four-fifths of the members voting in each house, the name of each member voting and how he voted to be recorded in the journal. Every law imposing, continuing, or reviving a tax shall specifically state such tax. However, any law by which taxes are imposed may define or specify the subject and provisions of such tax by reference to any provision of the laws of the Commonwealth as those laws may be or become effective at any time or from time to time, and may prescribe exceptions or modifications to any such provision. The presiding officer of each house, or, upon his inability or failure to act, a person designated by a majority of the members elected to each house shall, not later than one day after each bill is enrolled, sign each bill that has been passed by both houses and duly enrolled. The fact of signing shall be recorded in the journal. Once a vote has been cast, it cannot be changed or retracted. Section 11. Form of laws No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title. Nor shall any law be revived or amended with reference to its title, but the act revived or the section amended shall be reenacted and published at length.

Section 12. Effective date of laws All laws shall take effect when specified in the bill. Should no date be specified, the law shall take effect immediately. on the first day of the month following the adjournment of the session of the General Assembly at which it has been enacted; unless in the case of an emergency (which emergency shall be expressed in the body of the bill) the General Assembly shall specify an earlier date by a vote of four-fifths of the membership in each house, the name of each member voting and how he voted to be recorded in the journal, or unless a subsequent date is specified in the body of the bill or by general law.

Section 13. Powers of General Assembly; limitations The authority of the General Assembly shall extend to all subjects of legislation not herein forbidden or restricted; and a specific grant of authority in this Constitution upon a subject shall not work a restriction of its authority upon the same or any other subject. The omission in this Constitution of specific grants of authority heretofore conferred shall not be construed to deprive the General Assembly of such authority, or to indicate a change of policy in reference thereto, unless such purpose plainly appear. The General Assembly shall confer on the courts power to grant divorces, change the names of persons, and direct the sales of estates belonging to infants and other persons under legal disabilities. The General Assembly shall not, by special legislation, grant relief in these or other cases of which the courts or other tribunals may have jurisdiction. The General Assembly may regulate the exercise by courts of the right to punish for contempt. The General Assembly may retroactively change the compensation date in civil actions where the victim was a minor. The punished party may not request their own compensation for the damages incurred upon them by this change. The General Assembly shall not enact any local, special, or private law in the following cases: (1) For the punishment of crime. (2) Providing a change of venue in civil or criminal cases. (3) Regulating the practice in, or the jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceedings or inquiry before the courts or other tribunals, or providing or changing the methods of collecting debts or enforcing judgments or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate. (4) For the assessment and collection of taxes, except as to animals which the General Assembly may deem dangerous to the farming interests. (5) Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes. (6) Exempting property from taxation. (7) Remitting, releasing, postponing, or diminishing any obligation or liability of any person, corporation, or association to the Commonwealth or to any political subdivision thereof. (8) Refunding money lawfully paid into the treasury of the Commonwealth or the treasury of any political subdivision thereof. (9) Granting from the treasury of the Commonwealth, or granting or authorizing to be granted from the treasury of any political subdivision thereof, any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, agent, or contractor. (10) For registering voters, conducting elections, or designating the places of voting. (11) Regulating labor, trade, mining, or manufacturing, or the rate of interest on money. (12) Granting any pension. (13) Creating, increasing, or decreasing, or authorizing to be created, increased, or decreased, the salaries, fees, percentages, or allowances of public officers during the term for which they are elected or appointed. (14) Declaring streams navigable, or authorizing the construction of booms or dams therein, or the removal of obstructions therefrom. (15) Affecting or regulating fencing or the boundaries of land, or the running at large of stock. (16) Creating private corporations, or amending, renewing, or extending the charters thereof. (17) Granting to any private corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive right, privilege, or immunity. (18) Naming or changing the name of any private corporation or association. (19) Remitting the forfeiture of the charter of any private corporation, except upon the condition that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution and the laws passed in pursuance thereof. Section 14. General laws In all cases enumerated in the preceding section, and in every other case which, in its judgment, may be provided for by general laws, the General Assembly shall enact general laws. Any general law shall be subject to amendment or repeal, but the amendment or partial repeal thereof shall not operate directly or indirectly to enact, and shall not have the effect of enactment of, a special, private, or local law. No general or special law shall surrender or suspend the right and power of the Commonwealth, or any political subdivision thereof, to tax corporations and corporate property, except as authorized by Article X. No private corporation, association, or individual shall be specially exempted from the operation of any general law, nor shall a general law's operation be suspended for the benefit of any private corporation, association, or individual. Section 15. Appropriations to religious or charitable bodies The General Assembly shall not make any appropriation of public funds, personal property, or real estate to any church or sectarian society, or any association or institution of any kind whatever which is entirely or partly, directly or indirectly, controlled by any church or sectarian society. Nor shall the General Assembly make any like appropriation to any charitable institution which is not owned or controlled by the Commonwealth; the General Assembly may, however, make appropriations to nonsectarian institutions for the reform of youthful criminals and may also authorize Regions, cities, or towns to make such appropriations to any charitable institution or association.

Section 16. Impeachment The President, Vice-President, Attorney General, judges, members of the Commonwealth Corporation Commission, and all officers appointed by the President or elected by the General Assembly, offending against the Commonwealth by malfeasance in office, corruption, neglect of duty, or other high crime or misdemeanor may be impeached by Parliament and prosecuted before the Federal Advisory Council, which shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, the advisors shall be on oath or affirmation, and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the advisors. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the Commonwealth; but the person convicted shall nevertheless be subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. The Federal Advisory Council may sit during the recess of the General Assembly for the trial of impeachments.

Section 17. Auditor of Public Accounts An Auditor of Public Accounts shall be elected by the joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly for the term of one month. His powers and duties shall be prescribed by law.

Article V. Executive

Section 1. Executive power; President's term of office The chief executive power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a President. He shall hold office for a term commencing upon his inauguration on the day next succeeding his election, and ending in the month thereafter immediately upon the inauguration of his successor. He shall be ineligible to the same office for the term next succeeding that for which he was elected, and to any other office during his term of service.

Section 2. Election of President The President shall be elected by the qualified voters of the Commonwealth on the first to third day of each month, concurrently with the election of the General Assembly. The voters shall rank the candidates from first to last choice. Returns of the election shall be transmitted, under seal, by the proper officers, to the Commonwealth Board of Elections, or such other officer or agency as may be designated by law, which shall cause the returns to be opened and the votes to be counted in the manner prescribed by law. The person having a majority of the votes shall be declared elected; but if no candidate has a majority or if two or more candidates shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, the candidate with the least votes will be eliminated and the votes will go to the next choice on the voters‘ ballots. This shall continue until one candidate has a majority of the votes.

Section 3. Qualifications of President No person except a citizen of the Commonwealth shall be eligible to the office of President; nor shall any person be eligible to that office unless he has been a resident of the Commonwealth and a registered voter in the Commonwealth for two months next preceding his election.

Section 4. Place of residence and compensation of President The President shall reside at the seat of government. He shall receive for his services a compensation to be prescribed by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected. While in office he shall receive no other emolument from this or any other government.

Section 5. Legislative responsibilities of President The President shall communicate to the General Assembly, every wednesday, the condition of the Commonwealth, recommend to its consideration such measures as he may deem expedient, and convene the General Assembly on application of two-thirds of the members elected to each house thereof, or when, in his opinion, the interest of the Commonwealth may require.

Section 6. Presentation of bills; powers of President; vetoes and amendments Every bill which passes the Federal Advisory Council and Parliament, before it becomes law, shall be presented to the President. The President shall have two days in which to act on the bill after it is presented to him and to exercise one of the three options set out below. If the President does not act on the bill, it shall become law without his signature. (i) The President may sign the bill if he approves it, and the bill shall   become law. (ii) The President may veto the bill if he objects to it by returning the bill with his objections to the house in which the bill originated. The house shall enter the objections in its journal and reconsider the bill. The house may override the veto by a two-thirds vote of its membership. If the house of origin overrides the President‘s veto, it shall send the bill and President's objections to the other house where the bill shall be reconsidered. The second house may override the President's veto by a two-thirds vote of its membership. If both houses override the President's veto, the bill shall become law without his signature. If either house fails to override the President's veto, the veto shall stand and the bill shall not become law. (iii) The President may recommend one or more specific and severable amendments to a bill by returning it with his recommendation to the house in which it originated. The house shall enter the President‘s recommendation in its journal and reconsider the bill. If both houses agree to the President‘s entire recommendation, the bill, as amended, shall become law. Each house may agree to the President‘s amendments by a majority vote of the members present. If both houses agree to the bill in the form originally sent to the President by a two-thirds vote of its membership the original bill shall become law. If the President sends down specific and severable amendments then each house may determine, in accordance with its own procedures, whether to act on the President‘s amendments en bloc or individually, or any combination thereof. If the house of origin agrees to one or more of the President‘s amendments, it shall send the bill and the entire recommendation to the other house. The second house may also agree to one or more of the President‘s amendments. If either house fails to agree to the President‘s entire recommendation or fails to agree to at least one of the President‘s amendments agreed to by the other house, the bill, as originally presented to the President, shall be returned to the President. If both houses agree to one or more amendments but not to the entire recommendation of the President, the bill shall be reenrolled with the President‘s amendments agreed to by both houses and shall be returned to the President. If the President fails to send down specific and severable amendments as determined by the majority vote of the membership in either house, then the bill shall be before that house, in the form originally sent to the President and may be acted upon in accordance with Article IV, Section 10 of this Constitution and returned to the President. The President shall either sign or veto a bill returned as provided in this subsection. The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items of an appropriation bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. The item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the manner provided in this section for a bill vetoed by the President. In all cases set forth above, the names of the members voting for and against the bill, the amendment or amendments to the bill, or the item or items of an appropriation bill shall be entered on the journal of each house. Section 7. Executive and administrative powers The President shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Commonwealth; and of the Militia of the Regions, when called into the actual Service of the Commonwealth, and shall have power to embody such forces to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and enforce the execution of the laws. The President shall conduct, either in person or in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, all intercourse with foreign states. The President may declare war on a foreign nation, provided two-thirds of the membership of both houses concur. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federal Advisory Council, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the advisors concur. The President shall have power to fill vacancies in all offices of the Commonwealth for the filling of which the Constitution and laws make no other provision. If such office be one filled by the election of the people, the appointee shall hold office until the next general election, and thereafter until his successor qualifies, according to law. The General Assembly shall fill vacancies in all offices which are filled by election by that body.

Section 8. Information from administrative officers The President may require information in writing, under oath, from any officer of any executive or administrative department, office, or agency, or any public institution upon any subject relating to their respective departments, offices, agencies, or public institutions; and he may inspect at any time their official books, accounts, and vouchers, and ascertain the conditions of the public funds in their charge, and in that connection may employ accountants. He may require the opinion in writing of the Attorney General upon any question of law affecting the official duties of the President.

Section 9. Administrative organization The functions, powers, and duties of the administrative departments and divisions and of the agencies of the Commonwealth within the legislative and executive branches may be prescribed by law.

Section 10. Appointment and removal of administrative officers Except as may be otherwise provided in this Constitution, the President shall appoint each officer serving as the head of an administrative department or division of the executive branch of the government, subject to such confirmation as the General Assembly may prescribe. Each officer appointed by the President pursuant to this section shall have such professional qualifications as may be prescribed by law and shall serve at the pleasure of the President.

Section 11. Effect of refusal of General Assembly to confirm an appointment by the President No person appointed to any office by the President, whose appointment is subject to confirmation by the General Assembly, under the provisions of this Constitution or any statute, shall enter upon, or continue in, office after the General Assembly shall have refused to confirm his appointment, nor shall such person be eligible for reappointment during the recess of the General Assembly to fill the vacancy caused by such refusal to confirm.

Section 12. Executive clemency The President shall have power to remit fines and penalties under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law; to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction except when the prosecution has been carried on by the General Assembly; to remove political disabilities consequent upon conviction for offenses committed prior or subsequent to the adoption of this Constitution; and to commute capital punishment. He shall communicate to the General Assembly, at each regular session, particulars of every case of fine or penalty remitted, of reprieve or pardon granted, and of punishment commuted, with his reasons for remitting, granting, or commuting the same.

Section 13. Vice-President; election and qualifications A Vice-President shall be elected along with and chosen by the President, and his qualifications, in all respects, shall be the same, except that there shall be no limit on the terms of the Vice-President. A Vice-President must be chosen and announced by every presidential candidate at least twenty-four hours before the presidential election begins.

Section 14. Duties and compensation of the Vice-President The Vice-President shall be President of the Federal Advisory Council but shall have no vote except in case of an equal division. He shall receive for his services a compensation to be prescribed by law, which shall not be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected.

Section 15. Attorney General An Attorney General shall be elected by the qualified voters of the Commonwealth at the same time and for the same term as the President; and the fact of his election shall be ascertained in the same manner. No person shall be eligible for election or appointment to the office of Attorney General unless he is a citizen of the Commonwealth of Dívasa, has attained the age of twenty-five years, and has the qualifications required for a judge of a court of record. He shall perform such duties and receive such compensation as may be prescribed by law, which compensation shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected. There shall be no limit on the terms of the Attorney General.

Section 16. Succession to the office of President When the President-elect is disqualified, resigns, or dies following his election but prior to taking office, the Vice-President-elect shall succeed to the office of President for the full term. When the President-elect fails to assume office for any other reason, the Vice-President-elect shall serve as Acting President. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Federal Advisory Council and the Speaker of Parliament his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting President. Whenever the Attorney General, the President pro tempore of the Federal Advisory Council, and the Speaker of Parliament, or a majority of the total membership of the General Assembly, transmit to the Federal Advisory Council and Parliament their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the Federal Advisory Council and Parliament his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Attorney General, the President pro tempore of the Federal Advisory Council, and the Speaker of Parliament, or a majority of the total membership of the General Assembly, transmit within four days to the Federal Advisory Council and Parliament their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon the General Assembly shall decide the issue. If within two days after receipt of the latter declaration the General Assembly determines by three-fourths vote of the elected membership of each house of the General Assembly that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall become President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. In the case of the removal of the President from office or in the case of his disqualification, death, or resignation, the Vice-President shall become President. If a vacancy exists in the office of Vice-President when the Vice-President is to succeed to the office of President or to serve as Acting President, the Attorney General, if he is eligible to serve as President, shall succeed to the office of President for the unexpired term or serve as Acting President. If the Attorney General is ineligible to serve as President, the Speaker of Parliament, if he is eligible to serve as President, shall succeed to the office of President for the unexpired term or serve as Acting President. If a vacancy exists in the office of the Speaker of Parliament or if the Speaker of Parliament is ineligible to serve as President, Parliament shall convene and fill the vacancy. In the event of an emergency or enemy attack upon the soil of Dívasa and a resulting inability of Parliament to convene to fill the vacancy, the Speaker of Parliament, the person designated to act in his stead as prescribed in the Rules of Parliament, the President pro tempore of the Federal Advisory Council, or the majority leader of the Federal Advisory Council, in that designated order, shall serve as Acting President until such time as Parliament convenes to elect a President. The General Assembly may provide by law for the waiver of the eligibility requirements for the Attorney General, Speaker of Parliament, or acting Speaker to serve as President or Acting President in the event of an emergency or enemy attack upon the soil of Dívasa as evidenced by a proclamation of the President or alternative authority prescribed by law.

Section 17. Commissions and grants Commissions and grants shall run in the name of the Commonwealth of Dívasa, and be attested by the President, with the seal of the Commonwealth annexed.

Article VI. Judiciary

Section 1. Judicial power; jurisdiction The judicial power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a Supreme Court and in such other courts of original or appellate jurisdiction subordinate to the Supreme Court as the General Assembly may from time to time establish. Trial courts of general jurisdiction, appellate courts, and such other courts as shall be so designated by the General Assembly shall be known as courts of record. The Supreme Court shall, by virtue of this Constitution, have original jurisdiction in cases of habeas corpus, prohibition, and mandamus; to consider claims of actual innocence presented by convicted felons in such cases and in such manner as may be provided by the General Assembly; in matters of judicial censure, retirement, and removal under Section 10 of this article, and to answer questions of Regional law certified by a court of the Commonwealth or the highest appellate court of any Region. All other jurisdiction of the Supreme Court shall be appellate. Subject to such reasonable rules as may be prescribed as to the course of appeals and other procedural matters, the Supreme Court shall, by virtue of this Constitution, have appellate jurisdiction in cases involving the constitutionality of a law under this Constitution and in cases involving the life or liberty of any person. Subject to the foregoing limitations, the General Assembly shall have the power to determine the original and appellate jurisdiction of the courts of the Commonwealth. Precedents shall be legally binding, unless overwritten by a higher court or a new legislation.

Section 2. Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall consist of three justices. No decision shall become the judgment of the Court and no law shall be declared unconstitutional under this Constitution except on the concurrence of at least a majority of all justices of the Supreme Court.

Section 3. Selection of Chief Justice The Chief Justice shall be selected from among the justices by the President.

Section 4. Administration of the judicial system The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be the administrative head of the judicial system. He may temporarily assign any judge of a court of record to any other court of record except the Supreme Court and may assign a retired judge of a court of record, with his consent, to any court of record except the Supreme Court. The General Assembly may adopt such additional measures as it deems desirable for the improvement of the administration of justice by the courts and for the expedition of judicial business.

Section 5. Rules of practice and procedure The Supreme Court shall have the authority to make rules governing the course of appeals and the practice and procedures to be used in the courts of the Commonwealth, but such rules shall not be in conflict with the general law as the same shall, from time to time, be established by the General Assembly.

Section 6. Opinions and judgments of the Supreme Court When a judgment or decree is reversed, modified, or affirmed by the Supreme Court, or when original cases are resolved on their merits, the reasons for the Court's action shall be stated in writing and preserved with the record of the case. The Court may, but need not, remand a case for a new trial. In any civil case, it may enter final judgment, except that the award in a suit or action for unliquidated damages shall not be increased or diminished.

Section 7. Selection of judges The justices of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President, provided that a majority of the members elected to each house of the General Assembly concur, for life tenure. The judges of all other courts of record shall be chosen by the vote of a majority of the members elected to each house of the General Assembly for terms of three months.

Section 8. Additional judicial personnel The General Assembly may provide for additional judicial personnel, such as judges of courts not of record and magistrates or justices of the peace, and may prescribe their jurisdiction and provide the manner in which they shall be selected and the terms for which they shall serve. The General Assembly may confer upon the clerks of the several courts having probate jurisdiction, jurisdiction of the probate of wills and of the appointment and qualification of guardians, personal representatives, curators, appraisers, and committees of persons adjudged insane or convicted of felony, and in the matter of the substitution of trustees.

Section 9. Commission; compensation All justices of the Supreme Court and all judges of other courts of record shall be commissioned by the President. They shall receive such salaries and allowances as shall be prescribed by the General Assembly, which shall be apportioned between the Commonwealth and its Regions in the manner provided by law. Unless expressly prohibited or limited by the General Assembly, Regions shall be permitted to supplement from local funds the salaries of any judges serving within their geographical boundaries. The salary of any justice or judge shall not be diminished during his term of office.

Section 10. Disabled and unfit judges The General Assembly shall create a Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission consisting of members of the judiciary, the bar, and the public and vested with the power to investigate charges which would be the basis for retirement, censure, or removal of a judge. The Commission shall be authorized to conduct hearings and to subpoena witnesses and documents. Proceedings and documents before the Commission may be confidential as provided by the General Assembly in general law. If the Commission finds the charges to be well-founded, it may file a formal complaint before the Supreme Court. Upon the filing of a complaint, the Supreme Court shall conduct a hearing in open court and, upon a finding of disability which is or is likely to be permanent and which seriously interferes with the performance by the judge of his duties, shall retire the judge from office. A judge retired under this authority shall be considered for the purpose of retirement benefits to have retired voluntarily. If the Supreme Court after the hearing on the complaint finds that the judge has engaged in misconduct while in office, or that he has persistently failed to perform the duties of his office, or that he has engaged in conduct prejudicial to the proper administration of justice, it shall censure him or shall remove him from office. A judge removed under this authority shall not be entitled to retirement benefits, but only to the return of contributions made by him, together with any income accrued thereon. This section shall apply to justices of the Supreme Court, to judges of other courts of record, and to members of the Commonwealth Corporation Commission. The General Assembly also may provide by general law for the retirement, censure, or removal of judges of any court not of record, or other personnel exercising judicial functions.

Section 11. Incompatible activities No justice or judge of a court of record shall, during his continuance in office, engage in the practice of law within or without the Commonwealth, or seek or accept any nonjudicial elective office, or hold any other office of public trust, or engage in any other incompatible activity.

Section 12. Limitation; judicial appointment No judge shall be granted the power to make any appointment of any local governmental official elected by the voters except to fill a vacancy in office pending the next ensuing general election or, if the vacancy occurs within five days prior to such election, pending the second ensuing general election, unless such election falls within sixty days of the end of the term of the office to be filled. Article VII. Regional Government

Section 1. Each Region to Honor all others

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each Region to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other Region. And the General Assembly may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section 2. Region citizens, Extradition

The Citizens of each Region shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several Regions. A Person charged in any Region with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another Region, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the Region from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the Region having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

Section 3. New Regions

New Regions may be admitted by the General Assembly into this Commonwealth; but no new Regions shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other Region; nor any Region be formed by the Junction of two or more Regions, or parts of Regions, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the Regions concerned as well as of the General Assembly.

The General Assembly shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the Commonwealth of Dívasa; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the Commonwealth of Dívasa, or of any particular Region.

Section 4. Republican and Democratic government The Commonwealth of Dívasa shall guarantee to every Region in this Commonwealth a Republican and Democratic Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Section 5. Powers prohibited of Regions No Region shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; emit Bills of Credit; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant or revoke any Title of Nobility.

No Region shall, without the Consent of the General Assembly, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any Region on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the Commonwealth; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the General Assembly.

No Region shall, without the Consent of the General Assembly, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another Region, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

No debt shall be contracted by or on behalf of any Region except by authority conferred by the General Assembly by general law.

Article VIII. Corporations

Section 1. Commonwealth Corporation Commission There shall be a permanent commission which shall be known as the Commonwealth Corporation Commission and which shall consist of three members. Members of the Commission shall be elected by the General Assembly and shall serve for regular terms of three months. At least one member of the Commission shall have the qualifications prescribed for judges of courts of record, and any Commissioner may be impeached or removed in the manner provided for the impeachment or removal of judges of courts of record. The General Assembly may enact such laws as it deems necessary for the retirement of the Commissioners, with such conditions, compensation, and duties as it may prescribe. The General Assembly may also provide for the mandatory retirement of Commissioners after they reach a prescribed age, beyond which they shall not serve, regardless of the term to which elected or appointed. Whenever a vacancy in the Commission shall occur, the General Assembly shall elect a successor for such unexpired term. The Commission shall monthly elect one of its members chairman. Its subordinates and employees, and the manner of their appointment and removal, shall be as provided by law, except that its heads of divisions and assistant heads of divisions shall be appointed and subject to removal by the Commission.

Section 2. Powers and duties of the Commission Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to such requirements as may be prescribed by law, the Commission shall be the department of government through which shall be issued all charters, and amendments or extensions thereof, of domestic corporations and all licenses of foreign corporations to do business in this Commonwealth. Except as may be otherwise prescribed by this Constitution or by law, the Commission shall be charged with the duty of administering the laws made in pursuance of this Constitution for the regulation and control of corporations doing business in this Commonwealth. Subject to such criteria and other requirements as may be prescribed by law, the Commission shall have the power and be charged with the duty of regulating the rates, charges, and services and, except as may be otherwise authorized by this Constitution or by general law, the facilities of railroad, telephone, gas, and electric companies. The Commission shall in proceedings before it ensure that the interests of the consumers of the Commonwealth are represented, unless the General Assembly otherwise provides for representation of such interests. The Commission shall have such other powers and duties not inconsistent with this Constitution as may be prescribed by law.

Section 3. Procedures of the Commission Before promulgating any general order, rule, or regulation, the Commission shall give reasonable notice of its contents. In all matters within the jurisdiction of the Commission, it shall have the powers of a court of record to administer oaths, to compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of documents, to punish for contempt, and to enforce compliance with its lawful orders or requirements by adjudging and enforcing by its own appropriate process such fines or other penalties as may be prescribed or authorized by law. Before the Commission shall enter any finding, order, or judgment against a party it shall afford such party reasonable notice of the time and place at which he shall be afforded an opportunity to introduce evidence and be heard. The Commission may prescribe its own rules of practice and procedure not inconsistent with those made by the General Assembly. The General Assembly shall have the power to adopt such rules, to amend, modify, or set aside the Commission's rules, or to substitute rules of its own.

Section 4. Appeals from actions of the Commission The Commonwealth, any party in interest, or any party aggrieved by any final finding, order, or judgment of the Commission shall have, of right, an appeal to the Supreme Court. The method of taking and prosecuting an appeal from any action of the Commission shall be prescribed by law or by the rules of the Supreme Court. All appeals from the Commission shall be to the Supreme Court only. No other court of the Commonwealth shall have jurisdiction to review, reverse, correct, or annul any action of the Commission or to enjoin or restrain it in the performance of its official duties, provided, however, that the writs of mandamus and prohibition shall lie from the Supreme Court to the Commission.

Section 5. Foreign corporations No foreign corporation shall be authorized to carry on in this Commonwealth the business of, or to exercise any of the powers or functions of, a public service enterprise, or be permitted to do anything which domestic corporations are prohibited from doing, or be relieved from compliance with any of the requirements made of similar domestic corporations by the Constitution and laws of this Commonwealth. However, nothing in this section shall restrict the power of the General Assembly to enact such laws specially applying to foreign corporations as the General Assembly may deem appropriate. Section 6. Corporations subject to general laws The creation of corporations, and the extension and amendment of charters whether heretofore or hereafter granted, shall be provided for by general law, and no charter shall be granted, amended, or extended by special act, nor shall authority in such matters be conferred upon any tribunal or officer, except to ascertain whether the applicants have, by complying with the requirements of the law, entitled themselves to the charter, amendment, or extension applied for and to issue or refuse the same accordingly. Such general laws may be amended, repealed, or modified by the General Assembly. Every corporation chartered in this Commonwealth shall be deemed to hold its charter and all amendments thereof under the provisions of, and subject to all the requirements, terms, and conditions of, this Constitution and any laws passed in pursuance thereof. The police power of the Commonwealth to regulate the affairs of corporations, the same as individuals, shall never be abridged.

Section 7. Exclusions from term "corporation" or "company" The term "corporation" or "company" as used in this article shall exclude all municipal corporations, other political subdivisions, and public institutions owned or controlled by the Commonwealth.

Article IX. Taxation and Finance

Section 1. Taxable property; uniformity; classification and segregation All property, except as hereinafter provided, shall be taxed. All taxes shall be levied and collected under general laws and shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, except that the General Assembly may provide for differences in the rate of taxation to be imposed upon real estate by a city or town within all or parts of areas added to its territorial limits, or by a new unit of general government, within its area, created by or encompassing two or more, or parts of two or more, existing units of general government. Such differences in the rate of taxation shall bear a reasonable relationship to differences between nonrevenue-producing governmental services giving land urban character which are furnished in one or several areas in contrast to the services furnished in other areas of such unit of government. The General Assembly may by general law and within such restrictions and upon such conditions as may be prescribed authorize the governing body of any city, town or Regional government to provide for differences in the rate of taxation imposed upon tangible personal property owned by persons not less than sixty-five years of age or persons permanently and totally disabled as established by general law who are deemed by the General Assembly to be bearing an extraordinary tax burden on said tangible personal property in relation to their income and financial worth. The General Assembly may define and classify taxable subjects. Except as to classes of property herein expressly segregated for either Commonwealth or local taxation, the General Assembly may segregate the several classes of property so as to specify and determine upon what subjects Commonwealth taxes, and upon what subjects local taxes, may be levied.

Section 2. Assessments All assessments of real estate and tangible personal property shall be at their fair market value, to be ascertained as prescribed by law. The General Assembly may define and classify real estate devoted to agricultural, horticultural, forest, or open space uses, and may by general law authorize any county, city, town, or regional government to allow deferral of, or relief from, portions of taxes otherwise payable on such real estate if it were not so classified, provided the General Assembly shall first determine that classification of such real estate for such purpose is in the public interest for the preservation or conservation of real estate for such uses. In the event the General Assembly defines and classifies real estate for such purposes, it shall prescribe the limits, conditions, and extent of such deferral or relief. No such deferral or relief shall be granted within the territorial limits of any city, town, or Regional government except by ordinance adopted by the governing body thereof. So long as the Commonwealth shall levy upon any public service corporation a Commonwealth franchise, license, or other similar tax based upon or measured by its gross receipts or gross earnings, or any part thereof, its real estate and tangible personal property shall be assessed by a central State agency, as prescribed by law.

Section 3. Property segregated for Regional taxation; exceptions Real estate, coal and other mineral lands, and tangible personal property, except the rolling stock of public service corporations, are hereby segregated for, and made subject to, Regional taxation only, and shall be assessed for Regional taxation in such manner and at such times as the General Assembly may prescribe by general law.

Section 4. Franchise taxes; taxation of corporate stock The General Assembly, in imposing a franchise tax upon corporations, may in its discretion make the same in lieu of taxes upon other property, in whole or in part, of such corporations. Whenever a franchise tax shall be imposed upon a corporation doing business in this Commonwealth, or whenever all the capital, however invested, of a corporation chartered under the laws of this Commonwealth shall be taxed, the shares of stock issued by any such corporation shall not be further taxed.

Section 5. Exempt property (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the following property and no other shall be exempt from taxation, Federal and local, including inheritance taxes: (1) Property owned directly or indirectly by the Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof, and obligations of the Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof exempt by law. (2) Real estate and personal property owned and exclusively occupied or used by churches or religious bodies for religious worship or for the residences of their ministers. (3) Private or public burying grounds or cemeteries, provided the same are not operated for profit. (4) Property owned by public libraries or by institutions of learning not conducted for profit, so long as such property is primarily used for literary, scientific, or educational purposes or purposes incidental thereto. This provision may also apply to leasehold interests in such property as may be provided by general law. (5) Intangible personal property, or any class or classes thereof, as may be exempted in whole or in part by general law. (6) Property used by its owner for religious, charitable, patriotic, historical, benevolent, cultural, or public park and playground purposes, as may be provided by classification or designation by an ordinance adopted by the local governing body and subject to such restrictions and conditions as provided by general law. (7) Land subject to a perpetual easement permitting inundation by water as may be exempted in whole or in part by general law. (b) The General Assembly may define as a separate subject of taxation any property, including real or personal property, equipment, facilities, or devices, used primarily for the purpose of abating or preventing pollution of the atmosphere or waters of the Commonwealth or for the purpose of transferring or storing solar energy, and by general law may allow the governing body of any city, town, or Regional government to exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation, or by general law may directly exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation. (c) The General Assembly may define as a separate subject of taxation household goods, personal effects and tangible farm property and products, and by general law may allow the governing body of any county, city, town, or regional government to exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation, or by general law may directly exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation. (d) Exemptions of property from taxation as established or authorized in subparagraphs (b) and (c) shall be strictly construed; provided, however, that all property exempt from taxation on the effective date of this section shall continue to be exempt until otherwise provided by the General Assembly as herein set forth. (e) The General Assembly may by general law authorize any city, town, or Regional government to impose a service charge upon the owners of a class or classes of exempt property for services provided by such governments. (j) The General Assembly may by general law allow the governing body of any county, city, or town to have the option to exempt or partially exempt from taxation any business, occupational or professional license or any merchants' capital, or both. Section 6. Collection and disposition of State revenues All taxes, licenses, and other revenues of the Commonwealth shall be collected by its proper officers and paid into the State treasury. No money shall be paid out of the State treasury except in pursuance of appropriations made by law; and no such appropriation shall be made which is payable more than two years and six months after the end of the session of the General Assembly at which the law is enacted authorizing the same. Other than as may be provided for in the debt provisions of this Constitution, the President, subject to such criteria as may be established by the General Assembly, shall ensure that no expenses of the Commonwealth be incurred which exceed total revenues on hand and anticipated during a period not to exceed the two years and six months period established by this section of the Constitution.

Section 7. Limit of tax or revenue; Revenue Stabilization Fund No other or greater amount of tax or revenues shall, at any time, be levied than may be required for the necessary expenses of the government, or to pay the indebtedness of the Commonwealth. The General Assembly shall establish the Revenue Stabilization Fund. The Fund shall consist of an amount not to exceed fifteen percent of the Commonwealth's average annual tax revenues derived from taxes on income and retail sales as certified by the Auditor of Public Accounts for the three fiscal years immediately preceding. The Auditor of Public Accounts shall compute the fifteen percent limitation of such fund annually and report to the General Assembly not later than the first day of December. "Certified tax revenues" means the Commonwealth's annual tax revenues derived from taxes on income and retail sales as certified by the Auditor of Public Accounts. The General Assembly shall make deposits to the Fund to equal at least fifty percent of the product of the certified tax revenues collected in the most recently ended fiscal year times the difference between the annual percentage increase in the certified tax revenues collected for the most recently ended fiscal year and the average annual percentage increase in the certified tax revenues collected in the six fiscal years immediately preceding the most recently ended fiscal year. However, growth in certified tax revenues, which is the result of either increases in tax rates on income or retail sales or the repeal of exemptions therefrom, may be excluded, in whole or in part, from the computation immediately preceding for a period of time not to exceed six calendar years from the calendar year in which such tax rate increase or exemption repeal was effective. Additional appropriations may be made at any time so long as the fifteen percent limitation established herein is not exceeded. All interest earned on the Fund shall be part thereof; however, if the Fund's balance exceeds the limitation, the amount in excess of the limitation shall be paid into the general fund after appropriation by the General Assembly. The General Assembly may appropriate an amount for transfer from the Fund to compensate for no more than one-half of the difference between the total general fund revenues appropriated and a revised general fund revenue forecast presented to the General Assembly prior to or during a subsequent regular or special legislative session. However, no transfer shall be made unless the general fund revenues appropriated exceed such revised general fund revenue forecast by more than two percent of certified tax revenues collected in the most recently ended fiscal year. Furthermore, no appropriation or transfer from such fund in any fiscal year shall exceed more than one-half of the balance of the Revenue Stabilization Fund. The General Assembly may enact such laws as may be necessary and appropriate to implement the Fund.

Section 8. State debt No debt shall be contracted by or in behalf of the Commonwealth except as provided herein. (a) Debts to meet emergencies and redeem previous debt obligations. The General Assembly may (1) contract debts to suppress insurrection, repel invasion, or defend the Commonwealth in time of war; (2) contract debts, or may authorize the President to contract debts, to meet casual deficits in the revenue or in anticipation of the collection of revenues of the Commonwealth for the then current fiscal year within the amount of authorized appropriations, provided that the total of such indebtedness shall not exceed thirty per centum of an amount equal to 1.15 times the average annual tax revenues of the Commonwealth derived from taxes on income and retail sales, as certified by the Auditor of Public Accounts, for the preceding fiscal year and that each such debt shall mature within twelve months from the date such debt is incurred; and (3) contract debts to redeem a previous debt obligation of the Commonwealth. The full faith and credit of the Commonwealth shall be pledged to any debt created under this subsection. The amount of such debt shall not be included in the limitations on debt hereinafter established, except that the amount of debt incurred pursuant to clause (3) above shall be included in determining the limitation on the aggregate amount of general obligation debt for capital projects permitted elsewhere in this article unless the debt so incurred pursuant to clause (3) above is secured by a pledge of net revenues from capital projects of institutions or agencies administered solely by the executive department of the Commonwealth or of institutions of higher learning of the Commonwealth, which net revenues the President shall certify are anticipated to be sufficient to pay the principal of and interest on such debt and to provide such reserves as the law authorizing the same may require, in which event the amount thereof shall be included in determining the limitation on the aggregate amount of debt contained in the provision of this article which authorizes general obligation debt for certain revenue-producing capital projects.

Section 9. Lending of credit, stock subscriptions, and works of internal improvement Neither the credit of the Commonwealth nor of any city, town, or Regional government shall be directly or indirectly, under any device or pretense whatsoever, granted to or in aid of any person, association, or corporation; nor shall the Commonwealth or any such unit of government subscribe to or become interested in the stock or obligations of any company, association, or corporation for the purpose of aiding in the construction or maintenance of its work; nor shall the Commonwealth become a party to or become interested in any work of internal improvement, except public roads and public parks, or engage in carrying on any such work; nor shall the Commonwealth assume any indebtedness of any county, city, town, or regional government, nor lend its credit to the same. This section shall not be construed to prohibit the General Assembly from establishing an authority with power to insure and guarantee loans to finance industrial development and industrial expansion and from making appropriations to such authority.

Article X. Future Changes

Section 1. Amendments Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in the Federal Advisory Council or Parliament, and if the same shall be agreed to by a two-thirds of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, the name of each member and how he voted to be recorded, and referred to the General Assembly at its first regular session held after the next general election of members of the Parliament. If at such regular session or any subsequent special session of that General Assembly the proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the voters qualified to vote in elections by the people, in such manner as it shall prescribe and not sooner than three days after final passage by the General Assembly. If a majority of those voting vote in favor of any amendment, it shall become part of the Constitution on the date prescribed by the General Assembly in submitting the amendment to the voters.

Section 2. Constitutional convention The General Assembly may, by a vote of four-fifths of the members elected to each house, call a convention to propose a general revision of, or specific amendments to, this Constitution, as the General Assembly in its call may stipulate. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the election of delegates to such a convention, and shall also provide for the submission, in such manner as it shall prescribe and not sooner than three days after the proposals were agreed to by a majority of the members of the convention, of the proposals of the convention to the voters qualified to vote in elections by the people. If a majority of those voting vote in favor of any proposal, it shall become effective on the date prescribed by the General Assembly in providing for the submission of the convention proposals to the voters.

EvilSovereign's proposal, dated 7 September 2018
 The Federal Advisory Council -
 * Each of the 9 regions of Divasa and the 1 region of Paerland receive 1 Representative to the FAC.
 * The FAC accepts or vetoes any bill passed by parliament. If they accept the bill, it becomes law.

 The Parliament -
 * All legislature and budgets must be proposed in the Parliament. Legislature is passed by a simple majority.
 * All Amendments shall be proposed in the Parliament
 * Parliament chooses the Parliamentary Commissioner, who is the parliaments representative in the National Commission.
 * The Parliament elects a Prime Minister from within its own members to lead the majority in parliament.
 * Parliament elects a Speaker of Parliament, who is not a member of parliament, to mediate debates and enforce parliament rules.
 * The Parliament chooses the Chancellor of the General Assembly from the members of the General Assembly.

The Autonomous Territory of Paerland -
 * The ATP shall be an elected body governing Paerland.
 * The Paers may write their own constitution for the ATP.
 * The ATP will act as an autonomous state, and the Paers will have self rule in all matters besides foreign diplomacy.
 * Autonomy shall be stripped in times of National Crisis.

The General Assembly -
 * The General Assembly includes all Divasan citizens
 * The General Assembly chooses the General Commissioner, the GA's representative in the National Commission.
 * All amendments to the constitution must be passed in the GA with a 3/4 majority. The GA Chancellor organizes and moderates meetings of the GA.
 * The General Assembly is only called for Amendments to the Constitution

The National Commission -
 * will consist of
 * The Parliamentary Commissioner, elected by the Parliament,
 * The Federal Commissioner, elected by the Federal Advisory Council
 * The President, elected by the people

The Parliament can vote a vote of no confidence in the Parliamentary Commissioner and/or the President. The General Assembly can have a vote of no confidence in the General Commissioner and/or the President. And the Federal Advisory Council can vote no confidence in the President. A vote of no confidence is an immediate removal from office

Bill of Rights:

Freedom of Speech

Right to Bear Arms, Right to Organize a Militia

Freedom of Religion

Freedom of the Press

Right to Peaceful Assembly

Unnecessary Search and Seizure

Right to Privacy

Right to not Self-Incriminate

Right to an Attorney, Jury of your peers

Right to an Abortion, only in Early Term